into the world. While the Qur’an denies that either God’s word or God’s spirit actually shares in the divine nature, the Bible and Christian tradition insist that the word and spirit of God are thoroughly inseparable from God. The Word that God speaks and the Spirit that God breathes share fully in God’s very being. Thus, the Damascene argued, Christians are not guilty of shirk; rather, Muslims are guilty of mutilating God by severing the Word and Spirit from God’s essence.4 We might think of it
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